變婆的巫術指控：抹黑鄰居的社會展演

顏芳姿。〈變婆的巫術指控：抹黑鄰居的社會展演〉。《民俗曲藝》185 (2014.9): 167-217。

Yen Fang-tzu. “Witchcraft Accusations against Sax Biinv: Stigmatizing Neighbours as Social Drama.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 185 (2014.9): 167-217. 

Abstract

變婆出現在明清兩代政府與地方社會爆發嚴重衝突的黔東南山區。明代在黔東南開闢驛道通往雲南，清代繼續進軍黔東南山區的生苗之地，暢通貴州到兩廣的貿易通道；對此，黔東南少數民族反抗不斷，十八世紀清政府才征服這個地區。在這個緊張衝突的過程中，出現新象徵和傳說、新的社會規範和社會結構，以維繫動盪中的侗族社會。本研究的田野地點—邊村，位居於貴州從江縣北部和黎平縣交界的偏遠山區，是變婆出現的地點之一。對邊村來說，變婆不只是謠言傳說，更是當地的社會事實，全體成員共同參與的社會展演。本文首先說明變婆的巫術指控之社會成因，接着根據民族誌材料，運用Turner社會展演的理論，說明變婆的巫術指控透過謠言傳說進行社會動員，展開一連串抹黑鄰居的社會展演；第三部分詳細分析這個社會機制對婚姻產生的社會效應。

Sax biinv emerged in the mountainous areas of southern Guizhou during the Ming and Qing periods, at a time when serious conflict broke out between the government and local society. The Ming opened a major postal road to Yunnan through southeastern Guizhou, and the Qing continued to advance their armies through the untamed Miao lands in the mountain areas of southeastern Guizhou, opening up a trade route between Guizhou and the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. To counteract this, the minority peoples of southeastern Guizhou put up one rebellion after another, until finally in the 18th century the Qing government was able to subdue the area. In the course of this intense conflict, new symbols and new legends made their appearance in local society, along with new customary laws and social structures. These were meant to help stabilise local Kam (Dong) society, which was becoming unstable. The fieldwork site for the present study – Bian village, is located in a remote mountain area between the northern part of Congjiang county and the border with Liping county in Guizhou. This is one of the areas in which sax biinv appeared. As far as Bian village is concerned, the sax biinv are not just the stuff of rumour or legends, but are a fact of life in local society, and the subject matter of a social drama in which all residents take part. This article will first explain the social origins of witchcraft accusations against sax biinv. Then, using Turner’s theory of social drama, and making use of materials drawn from ethnographic research, it will explain how witchcraft accusations against sax biinv, conveyed through rumour and legendary stories, were used in order to mobilise local society, and enact a series of social dramas in which their neighbours’ reputations were blackened. The third part will examine in detail how this social mechanism affects marriage patterns in society.